Selasa, 25 Februari 2014

>> Free PDF Borges and the Kabbalah: And Other Essays on his Fiction and Poetry, by Jaime Alazraki

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Borges and the Kabbalah: And Other Essays on his Fiction and Poetry, by Jaime Alazraki

The Argentinian Jorge Luis Borges was one of the most influential figures to emerge from the great blossoming of South American literature in the twentieth century. As a scholar, poet, critic and writer of fiction he was widely read in English translation. This volume brings together a collection of essays on Borges by leading scholar Jaime Alazraki. Together the essays constitute an introduction to important aspects of Borges' oeuvre, including the influence of the Kabbalah, structure and style in the fiction, Borges' poetry, and Borges' impact on Latin American literature. Students and scholars of contemporary literature will find here in one volume the best of Professor Alazraki's short pieces on this great writer.

  • Sales Rank: #3951088 in Books
  • Published on: 2009-11-12
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.02" h x .51" w x 5.98" l, .72 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 220 pages

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Wonderful book
By prietoren
Wonderful book and great ,speedy service from the dealer. I only wish it dealt more specifically and in greater detail on the kabbalah

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!! Free Ebook Human Physical Health (Cambridge Social Biology Topics), by Dennis Taylor

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Human Physical Health (Cambridge Social Biology Topics), by Dennis Taylor

This series in intended for those students following advanced level social biology and related syllabuses. Each text deals with a specific topic area and the series as a whole provides a stimulating introduction to a subject of growing importance. The control of disease and the active encouragement of good health is a major priority of nations worldwide. This book gives a detailed study of a number of diseases and health problems from which common themes and underlying principles emerge. Details of transmission, treatment and control are covered as well as epidemiology and sociooeconomic factors - particularly the implications of AIDS. Topics range from infectious diseases, pulmonary disease and malaria to immunology, transplantation and physical fitness.

  • Sales Rank: #15381228 in Books
  • Color: Other
  • Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
  • Published on: 1991-01-01
  • Released on: 1989-10-05
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.21" h x .31" w x 6.14" l, .49 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 132 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author
Taylor is Head of Biology, Strode's Sixth Form College, Egham.

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Senin, 24 Februari 2014

>> Download PDF Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (African Studies), by Patrick Manning

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Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (African Studies), by Patrick Manning

This interpretation of the impact of slavery on African life emphasizes the importance of external demand for slaves by Occidental and Oriental purchasers in developing an active trade in slaves within Africa. The book summarizes a wide range of recent literature on slavery for all of tropical Africa. It analyzes the demography, economics, social structure and ideology of slavery in Africa from the beginning of large-scale slave exports in the seventeenth century to the gradual elimination of slavery in the twentieth century. While primarily a general survey, Dr. Manning presents original research and analysis, especially in his demographic model, computer simulation of slave trade and analysis of slave prices. By revealing clearly the succession of transformations which slavery brought throughout the African continent, the book shows in new depth the place of Africa in the history of the Atlantic basin, of western Asia and North Africa, and of the Indian Ocean.

  • Sales Rank: #1120739 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
  • Published on: 1990-09-28
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.98" h x .59" w x 5.98" l, .88 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 252 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"When American scholars examine slavery, more often than not they focus on the Americas in the nineteenth century. Patrick Manning, to his credit, has taken a broader view of slavery, examining slavery and the slave trade in the Orient and Africa as well as in the Occident...This is a valuable yet provocative book. In a relatively small number of pages, the author makes many (often controversial) causal assertions." Journal of Economic History

"This bold and innovative short work seeks to demonstrate the impact of slavery on sub-Saharan Africa from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries." David Geggus, HAHR

"Manning provides his readers wth a well-written, broad-ranging, and interdisciplinary introduction to a very important subject. In additon to summarizing recent work in this field, he is provocative, insightful, and refreshingly sensitive to the complexties and nuances of this topic....These qualities will make this book a good introduction to African slavery for both undergraduate students and the non-specialist scholar." Richard B. Allen, African Studies Review

From the Back Cover
This interpretation of the impact of slavery on African life emphasizes the importance of external demand for slave- from Occidental and Oriental purchasers - in developing an active trade in slaves within Africa.

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7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Slavery's Impact on Africa
By Ismail Rashid
Have you ever wondered about the impact of slavery on Africa or how slavery contributed to the making of our contemporary world? Or have you ever thought about how the world should come to terms with the legacy of African enslavement? Then Pat Manning's text is a good place to start. The text graphically shows the varying demographic impact of enslavement on different regions and peoples of the continent. It illustrates how the forced emigration of Africans adversely affected economies, politics, societies and cultures in different parts of Africa. Manning forceful restates Eric Williams' contention that slavery did lead to the development of capitalism - within the context of the larger Atlantic economy rather than the narrow Caribbean economy. For me, Manning is at his best when he discusses how the victims and beneficiaries of African enslavement can come to terms with the legacy of that tragedy. The main criticism of the text is the excessive (and sometimes redundant) quantative simulations and graphs that it contains. Nonetheless, it is a good starting point for students, scholars and general readers interested in the subject of slavery in Africa.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent, Concise Analytical Overview
By R. Albin
Manning packs a great deal into this short book. This is an analytically oriented overview of the history of the African slave trade. Manning's primary goals are to trace the evolution of the slave trade over several centuries and to assess its impact on African society. This is a relatively difficult task because of the considerable time period covered, the limitations of the data, and the existence of considerable regional differences within Africa. Manning relies heavily on relatively good information about the volume of and prices of slaves in the trans-Atlantic slave trade as a "window" into African society. Relatively simple economic principles and demographic modeling is used to estimate the impact of the African slave trade.

Manning divides Africa into 3 segments; the West Coast (Mauretania to Angola), the East Coast (Mozambique to Kenya), and the Savannah & Horn. This division is justified by the historic patterns of the slave trade (West Coast across Atlantic; East Coast-both Atlantic and Oriental trade; Savannah and Horn-Mediterrenean & Middle East) and somewhat differing intensity of the slave trades across time in different regions.

Drawing on an extenive body of data, Manning shows the large volume of the slave trade, particularly across the Atlantic in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and its huge impact on African society. He argues very well that the slave trade depressed population growth and often led to population decline. Different regions had different experiences. In the West Coast, the demand for male slaves as plantation workers led to disproportionate export of men and retention of female slaves in Africa. In the Savannah & Horn, and later in the East Coast, the preferred export was young women, and male slaves were retained in Africa.

Manning has a series of concise but interesting discussions about the consequences of population loss and altered sex ratios in different African regions. One common feature was clearly the development of a huge internal African slave trade with very destructive consequences, including intensification of wars fought increasingly to obtain slaves.

Described as well is an interesting historical succession. The trans-Atlantic slave trade was the largest and had the largest impact but its suppression brought with it some unexpected consequences. With the decline and suppression of the trans-Atlantic trade, the relative glut of slaves within Africa enhanced the slave trade to the East, mainly in the first half of the 19th century. The subsequent decline of the trade to the east also caused a glut of slaves and this resulted in an increased internal African reliance on slaves for production and enhanced the internal African slave trade, which was only suppressed by conquest of Africa by European colonial governments. The same colonial governments, however, often turned a blind eye to, or actually encouraged, forms of coerced labor very similar to slavery.

This book was published about 20 years ago but I believe its general conclusions remain valid.

0 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Good reading
By J. Bell
I'm not a historian or history major, but I found this book to be a good introduction, and yet more valuable than just an introduction.

(I kept this kind of vague to avoid spoiling it) Manning explained the economics of slavery's from its beginning and why it contributed to its end (abolitionist too). He wasn't lieing to the readers by portraying all Africans as all naiive victims... Manning clearly points out how slavery decimated Africa economically and helped create an African identity.

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Minggu, 23 Februari 2014

? Fee Download Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung (Cambridge Studies in Chinese History, Literature a

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Statesmen and Gentlemen is an important study of the way in which, during the twelfth- and thirteenth-centuries, China's ruling meritocracy was transformed into a locally rooted elite whose principal aim was the consolidation of their power, wealth and influence on a local as opposed to a national and dynastic basis. Professor Hymes offers a remarkable picture of the institutional and social changes this process entailed, but he also examines in detail the subtle ways in which the elite's perception of itself and its social role changed and it came to offer powerful support to local self-defence, social welfare, religious cults and temple-building.

  • Sales Rank: #6911232 in Books
  • Published on: 1987-04-24
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.98" h x 1.18" w x 5.98" l,
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 398 pages

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Sabtu, 22 Februari 2014

~ Free Ebook Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 9, Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling, by Josep

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Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 9, Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling, by Josep

This study, the first of two parts, gives a comprehensive account of Chinese textiles and textile technology and deals with the evolution of bast fibre spinning and silk-reeling in the history of China. These operations are the basic techniques in the production of yarn and thread, pre-requisite to weaving, and any study of Chinese textile technology must start with the raw material obtained from fibre plants such as hemp, ramie, jute, cotton, etc, and silk reeled off from cocoons of the domestic silkworm. The time-span covered runs from the neolithic to the nineteenth century. Archaeological and pictoral evidence, the bulk of it hitherto unpublished in the West, is brought together with Chinese textual sources (which are extensively translated and interpreted) to illustrate Chinese achievements in this field. Professor Kuhn's study reveals the way in which Chinese textile-technological inventiveness has influenced textile production in other regions of the world and in medieval Europe. It explains how textile technology reached its high point between the tenth and thirteenth centuries and attempts to indicate the reasons for its subsequent relative decline. The development of the textile industry in Europe was a key factor in the rise of capitalism. In the case of China after Sung times, textile technology and the organisation of textile labour may help indicate why such a development did not take place in China.

  • Sales Rank: #2838671 in Books
  • Published on: 1988-07-29
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.69" h x 1.77" w x 7.44" l, 2.68 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 556 pages

Review
"This volume is a solid addition to the Science and Civilization in China series." Technology and Culture

"His accomplishment is immense." Science

"[An] astonishing and enduring study...[Needham brings] depth of emotion and technical finesse to his task."
Jonathan Spence, New York Review of Books

"Perhaps the greatest single act of historical synthesis and intercultural communication ever attempted by one man."
Laurence Picken, Cambridge University

About the Author
Joseph Needham FRS (1900-1995) was the founder of the Science and Civilisation in China project.

Dieter Kuhn is Professor and Chair of Chinese Studies, University of Wurzburg.

Joseph Needham FRS (1900-1995) was the founder of the Science and Civilisation in China project.

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Jumat, 21 Februari 2014

^ Download Introduction to the Grammar of English (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics), by Rodney Huddleston

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This textbook provides a thorough and precise account of all the major areas of English grammar. For practical reasons the author concentrates on Standard English and only selected aspects of its regional variation. The book is written for students who may have no previous knowledge of linguistics and little familiarity with 'traditional' grammar. All grammatical terms, whether traditional or more recent, are therefore carefully explained, and in the first three chapters the students is introduced to the theoretical concepts and methodological principles needed to follow the later descriptive chapters. Nevertheless, the book is more than a straightforward 'grammar of English'. Rodney Huddleston does not espouse any formalised contemporary model of syntax and morphology, but he adopts the framework of modern 'structural' linguistics, in a very broad understanding of that term. The grammatical categories postulated derive from a study of the combinational and contrastive relationships the words and other forms enter into, and Dr Huddleston pays particular attention to the problem of choosing between alternative analyses and justifying the analysis he proposes. In this sense his book is addressed to the student of linguistics, who will find Introduction to the Grammar of English a much needed foundation for more advanced work in theoretical linguistics.

  • Sales Rank: #1709527 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
  • Published on: 1984-10-26
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.98" h x 1.02" w x 5.98" l, 1.48 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 500 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
'Dr Huddleston's style is both lucid and relaxed, so Introduction to the Grammar of English can be recommended even to those with no previous knowledge of linguistics ... Despite the good coverage of linguistic terms, this is a jargon-free book.' EFL Gazette

From the Back Cover
This textbook provides a thorough and precise account of all the major areas of English grammar. For practical reasons the author concentrates on Standard English and only selected aspects of its regional variation.

About the Author
Rodney Huddleston graduated from the University of Cambridge in Modern & Medieval Languages in 1960, and earned his PhD in Applied Linguistics at the University of Edinburgh in 1963. He held lectureships at the University of Edinburgh, University College London and the University of Reading, before moving in 1969 to the Department of English at the University of Queensland, where he worked until formally retiring in 1998. He was the winner of one of three Excellence in Teaching' awards at the University of Queensland in 1988, and in 1990 was awarded a Personal Chair. He has written numerous articles and books on English grammar, including An Introduction to English Transformational Syntax (1976) and Introduction to the Grammar of English (1984), and was the founding editor of The Australian Journal of Linguistics (1980--1985).

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Paul Crouch
great!

10 of 27 people found the following review helpful.
Not enough explanation, rambles all over the place
By D. Clark
I bought this book hoping for a gentle intro into grammar and linguistics and then more discussion of other advanced grammar/linguistic topics.It however dissappointed me greatly. Within the first 20 pages, he is talking about subordinate clauses and what not with no explanation of them. He says in the preface that all such terms are fully explained, but by chapter 6, one is swimming in an ocean of terms that were never explained. If I wanted to go back in lookup every term to be 100% clear about it, I would have bought a reference book. Damn, I had high hopes for this book !

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* Free PDF The Cambridge Companion to the Bible (Cambridge Companions to Religion), by Howard Clark Kee, Eric M. Meyers, John Rogerson, Anthony J. Sa

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The Cambridge Companion to the Bible (Cambridge Companions to Religion), by Howard Clark Kee, Eric M. Meyers, John Rogerson, Anthony J. Sa

The Cambridge Companion to the Bible is unique in that it provides, in a single volume, in-depth information about the changing historical, social and cultural contexts in which the biblical writers and their original readers lived. The authors of the Companion were chosen for their internationally recognised expertise in their respective fields: the history and literature of Israel; post-biblical Judaism; biblical archaeology; and the origins and early literature of Christianity. The Companion deals not only with the canonical writings, but also with the apocryphal works produced by Jewish and Christian writers. The historical setting for the entire range of these biblical writings is depicted and analysed in this volume, with abundant illustrations and maps to assist the reader in visualising the world of the Bible.

  • Sales Rank: #1197677 in Books
  • Brand: Cambridge University Press
  • Published on: 1997-02-13
  • Ingredients: Example Ingredients
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 10.08" h x 1.69" w x 7.87" l,
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 624 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
'What a splendid and rich mine of information compactly and elegantly set out. A real boon to those eager to read the Bible knowledgeably.' Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, Desmond Tutu

'Truly wonderful book. Clear, concise, illuminating. It will be useful for all of those of us who preach every week, and for the educated person who wants to learn more about the sacred scriptures without being overwhelmed by academic detail. Everyone should have a copy.' Father Andrew M. Greeley, the University of Chicago and the University of Arizona

'The Cambridge Companion to the Bible would enable readers of all traditions to gain more insight into the Bible's narrative. It is as much for the general reader as for the student. It would be an important addition to any library's theological collection, more for a lending than a reference section.' Reference Reviews

'... a work that draws on the best scholarship but seeks to make it accessible to anyone seriously concerned to see the Bible in its historical context ... One of the best features of the book is that it deals with the Apocrypha and the two centuries before Christ as well as the first two or three centuries after his birth. The result is a satisfying sense of continuity.' Richard Harries, The Guardian

'... a useful background study book, written from an academic perspective.' Christianity

' The authors of this volume have accomplished a remarkable feat ... this volume is set to become the standard text for university students, and of ministers who see the importance of keeping abreast of the world of biblical studies.' Baptist Times

Most helpful customer reviews

37 of 38 people found the following review helpful.
Introduction to Biblical Studies
By Big Dave
This is not a scholarly book in the sense that it's not part of any visible academic debate. It does not treat any particular issue in enough depth to be so.
It is, rather, a sort of textbook. Call it "Introduction to Academic Thought About the Bible." Following the order of the biblical texts and with detours to discuss such topics as the pseudepigrapha and the inter-testamental period, the book lays out basic issues of historical, archaeological and textual biblical criticism, such as, for instance, the idea of the J, E, D and P-authored components of the Old Testament, or the question to what extent the books of Joshua and Judges present different narratives of the conquest of Palestine by the Israelites, and what archaeology has to say about that conquest.
The book does not discuss theology (at least, not modern theology). If you're an inerrantist, this book is not what you're looking for. If you're reading the Bible for the first time, this is probably too much information and not the kind you need to help you follow the narrative. Though it has a section of color plates (and black and white photos throughout) and a limited number of maps, this is not an atlas. This is also not a debunk-the-Bible book -- mainstream believers in the inspired nature of the Biblical should by and large have no objection to the contents of this book.
But if you're generally familiar with the Bible, and interested in increasing your knowledge (in particular, I would suggest reading this alongside a reading of the Bible itself, a method to which the organization of this book lends itself) about Bible studies, I recommend this book without reservation.

20 of 23 people found the following review helpful.
Readable, yet scholarly
By M. Raymond
This book goes through the Bible historically and gives you the latest in textual and archeological research. It is an easy read, and it seems written for mass consumption, but it is not unscholarly. It is for true students of the Holy Scriptures and not for people who think the holy books are magic words from God. It is a sane, yet reverent approach to the study of ancient literature which we believe is inspired by God. It is NOT fundamentalist. If you are serious about Bible studies, then I recommend this volume whole-heartedly.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
great study material
By Daniel R. Hodges
great read

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Kamis, 20 Februari 2014

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The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism, Vol. 3: The RenaissanceFrom Brand: Cambridge University Press

This volume provides the first comprehensive treatment of the issues that helped shape the way writers thought about literature from the late Middle Ages to the late seventeenth century. These issues touched almost every facet of Western intellectual endeavor, as well as the historical, cultural, social, scientific, and technological contexts in which that activity evolved. The sixty-one chapters by a team of internationally respected scholars are supported by specialized bibliographies for guidance in further studies of the individual topics.

  • Sales Rank: #2478637 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
  • Published on: 2006-07-31
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.98" h x 1.73" w x 5.98" l, 2.31 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 786 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"A very distinguished crew of experts offers a survey of both literary theory and critical practice and the non-British national developments are especially noteworthy here. Humanism's impact is clearly explained. Every serious library needs this Cambridge series and this may be the most important volume in the series. Again: read surveys like this to put your specialities in perspective." Bibliotheque D'Humanisme

"[This volume]...is informative, intelligent, and, in places, exciting to read. It will serve generations of scholars and students of the Renaissance exceedingly well." Sixteenth Century Journal

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Rabu, 19 Februari 2014

! Free Ebook The Evolution of Technology (Cambridge Studies in the History of Science), by George Basalla

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The Evolution of Technology (Cambridge Studies in the History of Science), by George Basalla

Presents an evolutionary theory of technological change based on recent scholarship in the history of technology and on relevant material drawn from economic history and anthropology. Challenges the popular notion that technological advances arise from the efforts of a few heroic individuals who produce a series of revolutionary inventions that owe little or nothing to the technological past. Therefore, the book's argument is shaped by analogies drawn selectively from the theory of organic evolution, and not from the theory and practice of political revolution. Three themes appear, with variations, throughout the study. The first is diversity: an acknowledgment of the vast numbers of different kinds of made things (artifacts) that long have been available to humanity. The second theme is necessity: the mistaken belief that humans are driven to invent new artifacts in order to meet basic biological needs such as food, shelter, and defense. And the third theme is technological evolution: an organic analogy that explains both the emergence of the novel artifacts and their subsequent selection by society for incorporation into its material life without invoking either biological necessity or technological process.

  • Sales Rank: #204003 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
  • Published on: 1989-02-24
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.50" h x .59" w x 5.43" l, .85 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 260 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"Mr. Basalla argues his case ingeniously and cites a variety of examples...the reader is astonished again and again at the ease with which Mr. Basalla overturns many cherished prejudices and preconceptions about inventors and their creations." New York Times Book Review

"George Basalla has done scholars a valuable service...(his)own insights at an intermediate level of analysis may well provide the building blocks for a more rigorous and sophisticated theory of technological change." Science

"A thoughtful and thought provoking analysis drawing on a wide range of historical examples that will be of use to scholars and students." - Science, Technology and Society

"a refreshing book...a lively and revealing perspective on the history of technology. This book should find its way into undergraduate courses." American Scientist

"Both the tech-happy and the tech-wary will find news in this view of technology as an evolutionary system. Fascinating case studies show how society-bending inventions - even 'breakthroughs' - proceed from small, incremental variations upon earlier inventions." Whole Earth Catalog

From the Back Cover
This book presents an evolutionary theory of technological change based upon recent scholarship in the history of technology and upon relevant material drawn from economic history and anthropology.

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15 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Do Technologies 'Evolve'?
By Steve R
Basalla's 'Evolution of Technology' makes the analogy to biological evolution to explain the development of technologies: the Paleolithic chipping stone becomes the crude stone-and-wood hammer which later becomes a cast-iron hammer which eventually becomes the giant mechanical steam hammer. Of course, thinking of technology in such evolutionary terms can ONLY be analogical--tools don't have genes, and they certainly don't procreate. What tools and technologies have is diversity (a key component in evolutionary change); however, it takes human needs--necessities--to bring about technological developments. This historical combination of technological diversity and human necessity is "evolution" for Basalla.

Basalla's argument is therefore a practical method for thinking about the history of technology--one of a number of different methods (for other alternatives see anything by Arnold Pacey, or the 'Short History of Technology' by Derry and Williams). And in this respect Basalla offers a fine approach. In fact, his book may well be the most readable history of technological progress available, but it is also one that places more weight on a single analogy than the analogy itself may be able to bear.

6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
A seminal work
By Sceptique500
Heroic historiography of science and technology has dominated well past the moment when historians had despaired of kings and heroic battles as shapers of human history. The lone scientist and inventor still hogs today's narrative. These heroes have been joined lately by visionary entrepreneurs à la Steve JOBS, who "invented the future". Humbug, says the author, and I concur wholeheartedly. This splendid book, easy to read ans understand, explains why.

There are a few million living species. Our material artifacts outnumber them easily. The author is correct in pointing out that diversity of artifacts is a distinguishing characteristic of human life. Necessity is not the reason for this stupendous diversity: "it is a testimony to the fertility of the contriving mind and to the multitudinous ways the peoples of the earth have chosen to live." (pg. 208)

The author explains this diversity of artifacts not so much by invention as by evolution: "the prevalence of artifactual continuity has been obscured by the myth of the heroic inventive genius" (pg. 208) and postulates continuity, even if convoluted and rhyzomic (my term here), rather than directed and progressive. At each point in time the potential for technological innovation is far greater than any society can hope to exploit. Play, fantasy, and emulation all collaborate to create this potential. So do psychological and intellectual factors (Chapt. III). Socio-economic and cultural factors should not be discounted (Chapt. IV).

Selection may be based on economic and military factors - we could call them "necessity" (Chap. V). In many cases, however, social and cultural factors are deeply involved (Chapt. VI). "Ultimately the selection is made in accordance with the values and perceived needs of society and in harmony with its current understanding of "the good life"." (pg. viii).

It is the author's great merit to have chosen Darwinian evolution as the overarching explanatory metaphor explaining the evolution of technology. He should be commended for this. A generation later, and with deeper knowledge of Darwinian processes, new authors are picking up this metaphor is picked up and deepening it (See Alex MESOUDI Cultural Evolution: How Darwinian Theory Can Explain Human Culture and Synthesize the Social Sciences).

Metaphors constrain as much as they explain. Contrary to speciation we do have discontinuities with artifacts - when they are used for a different purpose, so as when first a hammer was used as a weapon. Chance and whimsy probably play a larger role than they do in nature. Just an example: I've read somewhere that the race between the steam and petrol car was decided by foot-and-mouth disease. An outbreak of this disease among horses led to the elimination of troughs on public highways, which may have spread contagion. Such troughs were used to refuel steam cars, so their refueling stations were eliminated.

The author discounts somewhat path-dependent outcomes and "autonomous technologies". I'd be more reserved. As long as the laws of scarcity are not repealed, efficiency will be a main criterion for technology choice. Once efficiency enters the realm of choice, it tends to overshadow other criteria. It is also the lowest common denominator when values conflict. In fact "efficiency" has become a very hard task-master, ruling us impartially.

Individual agency remains the source of invention in the book's paradigm. Is it really so? If we are truly social animals, creativity is also social - though we may perceive is as personal, nay solitary. I would be wary of the "lone tinkerer" as much as the "lone genius". The act of creation arises from the "meeting of minds" - Newton spoke of standing on the shoulders of giants. It is in dialogue that most brilliant ideas emerge, and one is loath, as the creation unfolds, to assign its original spark to anyone. The inventor's reception of the emergent spark and the kindling and nurturing of the emergent fire assigns authorship to him. Fair enough. If one writes a history of technology, however, the social aspect should be highlighted, for it is the bed from which new ideas spring. Clustering great minds is often a winning proposition - unless the great minds drift into a tiring game of establishing a pecking order among themselves.

The author is liberal in the use of examples and "stories". Some are apt, some fascinating, and the best are "paths not taken" (pg. 189 ff.). Others tend to be overlong. And one quibble: fire antedates the emergence of homo sapiens sapiens by about one million years. Cooking food was a prerequisite for our large brains. In this sense it was not a choice, but a necessity.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
How does technology evolve over time?
By Jackal
Fascinating study on the evolution of technology from a variation and selection perspective. The book is written by a historian, but unusually for a historian the book is driven by a strong theoretical perspective.

The author uses the example of barbed wire, but he does not just report a lot of historical details. He also places those details in perspective by using an evoluationary model of technical change. That makes this author 100 times more interesting than had the author that just gives us historical facts.

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Selasa, 18 Februari 2014

! PDF Download The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices and Politics, by Peter Temin

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The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices and Politics, by Peter Temin

The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices and Politics, by Peter Temin



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The Fall of the Bell System: A Study in Prices and Politics, by Peter Temin

AT&T's divestiture was the largest corporate reorganization in history and has had international repercussions. It was a major development in American economic policy, and a prominent part of the deregulation movement of the late 1970s. This study reveals the internal decision-making process at AT&T and explains how private and public interests combined to shape corporate and public policy in late 20th-century America. Temin weaves the strands of politics, economics, business, and law into an accessible narrative history that will be of interest to the general reader who wants to know about government business interaction and how it affects American citizens. Temin portrays divestiture as a great experiment in public policy, competition, openness, and international policy. He concludes that the experiment has been a mix of deliberate design and uncontrollable forces whose outcome was not foreseen.

  • Sales Rank: #2461868 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
  • Published on: 1987-12-25
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.98" h x 1.26" w x 5.98" l, 1.10 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 400 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

From Library Journal
This history recounts the internal debates, court cases, regulatory decisions, and legislative initiatives that led to the breakup of the Bell System. Temin (economics, MIT) and Galambos (history, Johns Hopkins) detail the company's struggle with regulators, competitors, and its own corporate culture. The authors present a comprehensive, technical study, but compared to David Halberstam's The Reckoning ( LJ 12/15/86), about the auto industry, this story lacks a grand sweep or theme. Recommended for university and large public libraries. Richard C. Schiming, Mankato State Univ., Minn.
Copyright 1987 Reed Business Information, Inc.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
A critical book to understand WHAT HAPPENED to the Bell System - and AT&T before the Breakup
By Jerry M. Robinson
Key book to understand how a HUGE corporation - can just fall apart.

It has the story of how Leaders lost sight of customers and technology - then lost the vision for the company.

To understand why early AT&T "bailed out" of cell phones, the Genesis is here...

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